EVALUATING EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INQUIRY ASSIGNMENT Essay

EVALUATING EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INQUIRY ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example the way the NHS operates, by changing its focus from Health care and Treatment to Disease prevention and reduction (Robins, Hernà ¡n and Brumback, 2000). Measuring health and knowing about different indicators that influence and define health is critical in determining our point of view of health and how we cater the problems and issues that surround it, and naturally the information resulting from measurements regarding health helps in determining policies of local and national level (McDowell, 2006). It has been said that the income, employment and housing all play a very important role when it comes to mental health. (Rothman, Greenland, & Lash, 2008) Lewisham Public Health Annual report is prepared by Dr. Danny Ruta, the Director of Public Health for Lewisham. The annual report encompasses the changes implemented as a result of new JSNA process in 2011 and the study conducted by Ruta, in which he analyses the effects of the crisis and socio-economic factors on health and what these factors mean for health in Lewisham (Ruta, 2012). In the report, Ruta also presents suggestions to the shadow Health and Wellbeing Board in Lewisham. According to the statistics extracted from the Lewisham report it has been estimated that more than 500 additional people are mostly like to be a victim of mental illness and the main reason behind this being the on growing issue of unemployment. Unemployment has been found out to be an instigating factor for increase in mental illness. The unemployment rate has boosted the rate of mental illness among people. (MacMahon and Trichopoulos, 1996) The study revolves around the effects of the â€Å"great recession† on the socio-economic conditions in the UK and the resulting consequences of these conditions on the health of people in Lewisham (Ruta, 2012). It has also been found out that Lewisham residents will be affected by the changes in a very disproportionate manner. Due to change in the salaries, employment rate and other housing

Interventions for Maternal and Child Health in Nepal Essay Example for Free

Interventions for Maternal and Child Health in Nepal Essay Macro- and micro-nutrient malnutrition is a major public health problem and a key factor in determining morbidity and mortality. Its underlying determinants include poverty, education, sanitation, climate, food production, cultural norms, and accessibility and quality of health care. Pregnant women and young children are particularly at risk owing to the extra nutritional demands of rapid growth. Malnutrition is the direct cause of approximately 300,000 deaths per year (Muller Krawinkel, 2005), and a contributing factor in over a third— 3.5 million—of all child deaths annually (Horton, 2008). These deaths are largely preventable. For infants, there is a â€Å"golden interval† for intervention from pregnancy to 2 years, during which improvements in nutritional status can have long-lasting benefits (Horton, 2008). Strong associations exist between maternal and child undernutrition and reduced adult economic productivity and other negative outcomes (Victoria et al., 2008). While Nepal has recently demonstrated progress toward improving general maternal and child health (MCH), there are still opportunities to further improve nutritional status of mothers and children. This paper examines and makes recommendations about interventions that have the potential to improve maternal and child nutritional status in Nepal. The interventions discussed in this paper address the underlying causes of nutrition-related maternal and child mortality and morbidity, as outlined by the UNICEF Conceptual framework for maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity (UNICEF, 2008), and are organized based on the period of intervention, including antenatal care, delivery care, and post-partum and early childhood care. Antenatal care: Within the antenatal period of development, maternal supplementation has been one of the most studied interventions. Evidence is strongest in support of maternal supplementation of multiple micronutrients, calcium, and iron-folic acid. Given the staggering rates of micronutrient deficiencies among pregnant Nepali women and the low cost of supplementation, maternal supplementation of multiple micronutrients, calcium and iron-folic acid is highly recommended. These micronutrients have a range of benefits, including reduction of maternal anemia, maternal mortality, pre-eclampsia, hypertension, puerperal infection, and low birthweight (LBW). This paper also examines the evidence around maternal smoking cessation interventions because of the extraordinary potential for impact of such programs in a population where smoking rates among women are high and knowledge about negative outcomes associated with smoking is low and because maternal smoking cessation appears to have not been a focus of government and other programs in Nepal. However, there is a lack Executive Summary i of solid evidence to suggest that a particular intervention to reduce maternal smoking could be both effective and efficient in developing countries. Delivery care: This paper also examines interventions during delivery that can have an impact on nutritional status. Traditional birth attendants (TBAs) play a crucial role in decreasing nenonatal and maternal mortality during delivery. They also dispense advice regarding antenatal, perinatal, and postnatal care, including nutrition and diet, breastfeeding, and immunizations. One important aspect of training for TBAs, as well as other health professionals, is the promotion of delayed umbilical cord clamping. Due to the high rates of anemia and iron deficiency in children, delayed cord clamping is a critical intervention because it is a cost-effective way to improve hematologic status, increase blood volume, and decrease anemia in infancy. Post-partum and early childhood care: Finally, nutritional interventions in the post-partum and early childhood period can reduce childhood morbidity and mortality and ensure that children are developing in a healthy way. This section of the paper focuses on the promotion of breastfeeding, infant and child vitamin A supplementation and growth monitoring and promotion (GMP). There exists decades of research showing that breastfeeding is a highly effective strategy to reduce all-cause mortality, diarrheal morbidity and mortality, and the risk of gastrointestinal infections and respiratory infections. There is a wealth of empirical data supporting the promotion of breastfeeding in developed and developing countries alike. Vitamin A supplementation for infants and young children has already been successful in Nepal, and it should remain a priority there. Vitamin A supplementation is associated with reductions in night-blindness, Bitot’s spots, xerophthalmia, and severe morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, and when given before certain immunizations, it can enhance the immune response to the immunizations, making them more effective. Also, the use of GMP, measuring and charting the growth of children and using this information to counsel parents to motivate behaviors that promote growth, provides a cost-effective opportunity to identify growth issues before severe malnutrition manifests. For summary information on recommended interventions, refer to the one-page briefs after this Executive Summary. The interventions examined in this paper collectively have an enormous potential for impact in Nepal. At the same time, it is important to consider some of the challenges and feasibility concerns that these interventions may face. These may Executive Summary include: access to and utilization of antenatal care and other health services; the status of the health system infrastructure; financial resource availability, and cultural considerations. Also, while these recommended interventions can be successful in addressing the underlying causes of malnutrition-related morbidity and mortality, long-term solutions for improving maternal and child nutritional status must address the basic causes, such as political, economic and social conditions. While challenges and other considerations exist, the interventions recommended have the potential to make a real and lasting impact in Nepal by reducing the burden of nutrition-related morbidity and mortality. These interventions are cost-effective tools that should be central to any plan to create a bright and healthy future generation in Nepal.

Engineering Drawing Distinction Computer Science Essay

Engineering Drawing Distinction Computer Science Essay There are two methods of producing engineering drawings. The most common way of drawing in engineering used to be done by hand on a piece of paper. These drawings were time consuming; they needed precision and skilful draftsman. They are still used because this is a quick method if we talk about simple sketches. On paper we can draw in different techniques that include isometric, oblique and orthographic. During my first assignment I had to use the manual technique. In this paragraph I will explain what they are. Oblique- This technique is based on showing the front of the object in 2D and the side and top in 3D. If we have a cube we will need to draw a square and to its right side measure 45 °. This is where lines will go to create the side. Generally, I did not find it very difficult from my point of view. Oblique involves simple equipment such as pencil, ruler and a protractor. A drawing that is usually drawn in oblique contains its benefits and limitations such as we can see the full front of the object (advantage) or that it isnt good enough in architecture where most drawings are isometric which is harder (inconvenience). Architectural drawing in Isometric (google.com)Isometric- Technique is slightly more complicated as it involves two 30 ° angles and if we want to draw an Isometric circle it appears to be quite hard. We will need the same equipment as in oblique however to draw an isometric circle we need a compass as well. The benefit is that we will see 3 Dimensions in more detail and it is suitable for architectural drawings. The limitation is that to draw some components in isometric more work needs to be done and it isnt easy for a beginner. Orthographic- Orthographic involves 1st and 3rd angle projections however it is easy to draw because it is in 2 dimensions. The equipment is the same as in case of Isometric. The drawing itself is very nice and simple however more details are needed such as hidden lines or sections etc. Typical Orthographic drawing shows plan, front and the side. An advantage is that it contains a lot more details and it is therefore used in manufacturing for plans. The disadvantage is that you will not be able to see how it looks as a 3D object. BELOW: equipment that can be used in the manual technique (google.com) Manually produced drawings are good because the drawer can develop his/her skills and it is suitable for quick sketching. We can just sit down with a piece of paper and a pencil and make an instant drawing. If we think back to the times where blue prints were used they were still done by hand. Manual drawings were very good however the drawer needed and still needs a lot of patience when producing a drawing not to make errors which may be disastrous for the project. Precision plays a big part in this type of drafting. We are in a higher risk of getting things wrong and if for instance the line is very thick rubbing it out will leave marks and the drawing will look not as professional. This may only spoil the neatness of drawing but we will look like an unprofessional drawer which is why it is so important to spend time and do something very well. Drawings produced manually have an advantage because when an error is made then it can be rubbed out. During my assignment work where I was asked to produce engineering sketches done manually, I found that a drawing needs to be thought through rather than rushed. This gives the drawer more calmness and so he can do it in a very short time with minimum of mistakes. The manual technique is suitable for different paper formats but with any type of formats there need to be some scaling. If we were to produce a drawing of a cars engine it will be hard to put it on A4 paper so as finding paper that is big enough to draw the engine. Scaling is simply making the picture smaller by dividing the actual size by a number that will allow us to fit the engine on paper. Could be by 8 or 25 this will depend on the engine and the paper format as well. Personally, I have used scaling for few components such as the machine vice because the actual size wouldnt fit on A4 paper. The scaling may be used wi th all of the manual techniques which is a big advantage. Manual technique is suitable for people without the knowledge of computers and software. It is therefore used in many cases. It is not used by professional companies mainly because if an error occurs which can happen within the manual technique then big sums of money can be lost. Another reason may be that everyone wants to be distinguished as a professional company who can afford a CAD drawer and so they hire a person to work on a computer rather than on paper. In fact any design starts with a paper drawn concept so originates from pencil and paper. Drafting companies dont use manual drawing because of the fact that the customer requires a formal drawing in a simple format with many details and as much clearly as possible. It is a harder task in manual drawing because it will need to be though through several times and the drawing will require lot more time. Summarising the manual technique is a good way to sketch things. The equipment needed to draw in this technique is simple to use and not expensive. The method gives us the opportunity to sketch in both 2 and 3 dimensions up to the choice. One thing that is a big unfriendly is the use of paper. This may or may not be a good reason but we need to remember about the environmental impact. The technique isnt going to be hard once we get used to it and practice as much as it is possible. It isnt a very popular technique amongst professionals one because they want to save time and the time is the money, they also want to look professional both in the eyes of their customers and the competition. Manual drafting offers flexibility to mistakes which can be corrected at any time but a problem may be that a CAD drawing can be carried on a memory stick or a CD. In terms of manual technique this isnt possible and the whole drawing needs to be carried around. CAD is a short version of Computer aided drafting. The term can be used to describe software with which it is possible to produce engineering drawings. Producing drawings using CAD was one of my tasks for assignment 2. In this explanation I will try and talk about many different advantages and disadvantages of this technique. CAD software is nowadays a vital tool for company with their own design department. It can also be used by individuals who understand how the software works. The main difference between manual drafting and using CAD is that there is no need for manual skills. Anybody with sufficient training can begin drawing variety of things in CAD. In the software we can draw in 3 Dimensions with the same projections as in manual technique. The software we have been using had a simple interface and after enough guidance by our experienced lecturer the software became very easy to use. Alternatively, there are many books which include details of options and FAQ. ABOVE: Autodesk inventor screenshot (google.com) Software works by following users commands. We have a library of standard components drawn and available to use. The commands include the very basic copy and paste and more complex such as chamfer or fillet. We can draw arcs and lines or circles and polygons. There are dimensions which we will have to enter or play around with a mouse. Before producing a drawing it is worth to set up a page of sufficient size. We can produce a template using this function. An advantage of CAD software is that they dont take up space and carrying them can be done electronically. Program is stored on a computer and any produced drawings can be carried on memory stick rather than a bunch of other drawings. The drawing can then be printed out of any printing station to the desired format. Above all that there is the accessibility. The drawing can be emailed in an electronic form to any other device. It is very good because this way a lot of time is saved if any changes need to be made to the drawing. This is another aspect I found very useful at the time of using this software. CAD software is very useful in making civil engineering plans. In mechanical and manufacturing sector, computer or a laptop can be connected to CAM manufacturing device and the plan will automatically be manufactured by the CAM machine. This minimises the costs of production. Software is expensive because it may cost up to  £10.000 for a year plus qualified person who can use this program and in some cases providing training to the personnel. With time the investment will turn into profit. Mainly because high accuracy and flexibility and on the top of that there is time saved on data transfer and any changes amended. Due to the fact that there are many CAD software on the market there is no easy answer on how the program works. As I have mentioned previously it works based on commands. These can be used to set up the layout of our page, the dimensions of the template and any other configuring options. Set up can include things such as: Extents- Setting up extents will limit the program to work to the page dimensions that we choose. If we want to work on A3 paper this needs to be slightly smaller than A3 paper itself so that it will be able to print the work afterwards. Grid- We have a guidance of reference points in form of a grid. This is a set of dots which can be enabled or disabled when there is a need. With aid of this it becomes very simple to draw lines and angles. Snap- Used to equalise the snap and grid to the same value, it is possible to turn it off. The function works by moving cross hairs on the screen. The drawing command is very simple; it can be anything from drawing lines to circles. Usually for lines we specify a start point and the direction and using the numerical pad we enter the length or angle. In circles we can specify to choose the diameter or radius and enter its data. Editing is also very simple so we can copy and paste, move rotate or trim or extend. The functions will vary depending on the software but these are usually the basic functions that all software contains. Businesses use CAD software because of its profitability. It is reasonable for companies to invest money into software and hire personnel who know how to operate it. It may seem costly but there are many advantages and turnouts. We look more professional and the company is time efficient. There is no impact on the environment by not using bunches of paper. The drawing itself is more eco-friendly. ABOVE: Architectural Drawing produced using CAD (google.com) The CAD software I have used for my assignments had many features that are needed in professional engineering. It contains a library of common devices such as a spring. There are also many types of gears and links. This is very significant because a feature can be picked out from the library and copied to our drawing. This way the time is saved because some components are already drawn. We can solve problem of time consuming isometric drawing using CAD. This is because we have a protractor saying the angles of each line. We will get the exact angle and length of the line. If we were to make something of a round shape we can draw arcs which are simple to do using a program. In addition to that we can label many things on the drawing or annotate it automatically. Using labelling on an engineering drawing we can draw any text which could be the standards, name of the company and the draftsperson and so on and so forth. Architectural companies may want software such as Autodesk inventor which is more suitable for their area of interest and could be used to create interactive plans and visualisations of buildings. For mechanical there is a special program called AutoCAD Mechanical which I have used personally. These programs are all related however they have different functions which are specific for the area of engineering such as the architecture. This is why a manufacturing company will not need software which will not be useful for them although it may be suitable for a specific product drawing. There are negative points to CAD as there were to manual drafting. One of them is that to get this an investment must be made and if there is no turnout, then there is no need for it. If the company has it is treated more professionally however the software isnt just totally reliable because a skilled draftsman is needed which also costs money. Mistakes can happen and so they can be made using CAD as well. Wrong labels or symbols can have a major effect on the business. We can see that both manual and CAD drafting techniques have good and bad points. CAD is more professional way of drawing however an idea starts from a piece of paper and a pencil which is manual so there are established connections between the two. Nothing is perfect and so these two techniques may not be suitable for something but they will do better in another task. The described CAD method does not require drawing skill from the user and it is more tolerant to mistakes because it will not be seen. Manual drawing requires more skills and uses paper which is gained from chopping down trees so it has an impact on the environment. The fact is that we are now in the 21st century and the world will develop as it started as a blueprint and developed to a piece of paper, from piece of paper it became more virtual. We will not predict what can happen to drawing techniques in future and we dont know how much time it will take to develop something new, something that is as popular as the tw o mentioned above. For the mean time the two ways of producing engineering drawings does its job very well.

Racism Essay -- essays research papers

As societies become more complex a complex change came about. The social system elevated entire categories of people above others, providing one segment of the population with a disproportionate share of money, power and schooling. To a considerable degree, the class system in the United States rewards individual talent and effort. But, our class system also retains elements of a caste system; Ascribed status greatly influences what we become later in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nothing affects social standings in the United States as much as our birth into a particular family, something, which we have no control over. Being born to privilege or poverty sets the stage for our future schooling, occupation and income. Research suggests that at least half of the richest individuals, those with hundreds of millions of dollars in wealth, received their fortunes primarily from inheritance. By the same token, the â€Å"inheritance† of poverty and the lack of opportunity that goes with it just as surely shape the future for those in need.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People of both sexes are born into families at every social level. Yet, on average, women earn lower income, accumulate less wealth, enjoy lower occupational prestige, and place lower in some areas of educational achievement than men do. Households headed by women are ten times more likely to be poor than those headed by men. Women make $0.75 for every $1.00 that men make.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Race is strongly connected to social position in the United States. Overall, white people have higher occupational standing than African Americans, and they receive more schooling, especially at the college level and beyond. These differences are evident in median income: African American families earned $26,522 in 1998, which is just 59 percent of the $44,756 earned by white families. Higher income is a key reason that 77 percent of white families are more likely to own their own home, than black families, 49 percent. Another reason for the racial disparity involves family patterns. African American families with children are three times more likely than their white counterparts to have only one parent in the home. Single-parenthood is a strong predictor of low family income. Ethnicity, as well as race, shapes social stratification in the United States. Throughout our nation’s history, people... ...n with no husband present, while just seven percent of poor families are headed by single men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  White people usually in a more privileged position to begin with, have been more upwardly mobile than Africans or Hispanics in recent decades. Women also tend to have less opportunity for upward mobility as well, since the majority of women tended toward clerical or service positions. These positions tend towards little advancements. When a marriage ends in divorce (as roughly as 50% do) women commonly experience a downward movement, with the loss of income and a host of benefits, including health care coverage and insurance benefits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social mobility is common in the United States. However there are only small changes from on generation to the next. Without an aristocracy, many people feel that they have a chance at the â€Å"American Dream† since Americans believe in the idea of â€Å"All men are created equal† statistics show, however, that not all men are created equal, but created â€Å"unequal†, especially minorities and women. Despite theses difficulties, there is home to climb the â€Å"social ladder† and be a part of the â€Å"American Dream†

A Protest from a Bushman

201005894| ENG 373 ASSIGNMENT| BOIKANYO MAKAUSU| 1. A PROTEST FROM A BUSHMAN POEM THEME: SADNESS The theme of the poet A Protest From a Bushman is SADNESS. The poet is expressing disapproval or objection to something, thus how his fellowman treats them and undermine the tribe, culture & tradition. TONE MORAL INDIGNATION The tone of the poem is typically a reactive emotion to anger over perceived mistreatment, insult or malice. It is somehow a sense of injustice. The bushman is more concerned with how his fellow countryman treats their tribe.He now feels that his native land not good/ not enjoyable to them as they are now treated as slaves and are now seen filthy. They are seen as a nobody hence this is their native land rather they are not refugees. The tone is the same through the poem. STRUCTURE The poem has 11 stanzas with 111 lines in total. The first stanza has 10 lines followed with the second stanza with 13 lines. The third stanza has 5 lines, seven on the fourth stanza while 19 lines on the fifth. The sixth stanza with also seven lines 15 lines with the seventh stanza and followed by3 lines on the eighth stanza.Then four lines on the ninety stanza. The second last stanza has sixteen lines while the last one has 12 lines. POETIC DEVICES REPITITION From stanza four the poet use repetition of the words, â€Å"life is tremulous like a drop of water on a mophane leaf. † to emphasize that life is shaking or shivering with the bad talks about the bushman by the fellow countryman. The bushman uses repetition to truly show that these talks makes them nervous, that is they don’t feel free in their native land. PERSONIFICATIONLife is personified to a person as it is said to be shivering/shaking hence it is something that’s not human like. It cannot shiver nor shake. He shows his anger by showing the unfairness of life. 2. THE ORATION OF CHIEF JOHN MADAWO NSWAZWI VII THEME SADNESS The theme of the poem The oration of Chief John Madawo Nswazwi i s sadness. The poet is being sad and not happy about how people are being treated. He is using Chief John Madawo Nswazwi giving out a speech to his tribe or nation addressing them about the suffering they were treated with and promising them that it is now over.He shows his sadness by saying, â€Å"We have become slaves Worse than dogs and pigs† By this he clarified how cruel they were being treated as animals. He also explained how heartless they were treated in front of God’s presence thus being weeped showing the immoral signs they discovered. TONE PROTEST The tone of the poem is a formal and solemn declaration of objection. Chief Nswazwi VIII is objecting or protesting against mistreatments of human rights to his fellow beloved countryman and women. The slave suffering of the countryman had put anger on him they now do not enjoy fruits of the country.He uses the African slave trade where missionaries mistreated the blacks as animals to explain their suffering which he feels is against the will of the almighty. The chief is angry to chief Tshekedi’s law where villages are being destroyed and reduced to ashes by his tyrannical rule. By saying â€Å" I shall come back fiercer than the burning sun† The chief promises the fellow countryman & women that if it happens he dies and the slave trade continues he would come back from the dead and display an intensive aggression to help his tribe. STRUCTURE The poem has 10 stanzas with 99 lines in total.In stanza I the poet expresses the feelings of anger that they have been mistreated but that shall stop and that the war brought shall kill the enemies themselves by using the chief. He continues in stanza 2 & 3 that upon his rule suffering would be changed to freedom and stop war with all his strength. He continues from stanza stating the impropriety of other chiefs, how they overexcite power up until stanza 7. In the last stanza the chief promises people that although they have lived throug h obstacles they would live a happy, freely and not disturbed life. 3. GABORONEThe aim of the poem is to briefly describe how the city Gaborone appears to be. In other words what Gaborone is and what happens around the city. However he does this by mainly focusing on the negative aspects in describing the city. It is a clear and short description of the picture behind the city Gaborone. The theme is perfectly reviewed throughout the poem, and to begin with the poet describe the climatic conditions of Gaborone in the first two lines to mention that Gaborone characterizes of high temperature or sunny conditions (Irritating Heat) as well as polluted air or not fresh air (Stale Air).He then continues to describe what happens around Gaborone from the third line to mention the fast moving and growing cockroaches, then large number of poor people (Hungry Smiles). The Poet continues with his description by mentioning foreign investors without identity found in Gaborone and also misleaders w ho feel overly self important (Pompous Misleaders). And halfway of the poem the poet says that Gaborone characterizes of misleading politicians (Visionless Politicians), violated house-wives in this case women abuse and also very poor artists.And towards the end he mentions that in Gaborone one may find rude and strict landlords and relatively increasing number of dealers. In concluding the poem he says Gaborone with its belly about to explode as to say that now population is increasing rapidly, the city is now expanding and hence growing into a huge city. STRUCTURE The poem comprises of only one stanza containing 20 lines, and each line starts by the word Gaborone. TONE The tone of the poem is quite a tone of disappoint or rather I will say the poet if fed up with what the city has turned into.So he writes this with a depressive mood. POETIC DEVICDES However the poet used some poetic devices during his writing such as rhyme, repetition and Hyperbole. He uses rhyming schemes such as the double rhymes like Hawkers and Workers, Mongers and Lovers. And also the triple rhymes like Churchgoers, Investors and Misleaders. Throughout the poem, the poet use repetition device in which he begins each line by the word Gaborone and there is also a hyperbole where by an outrageous exaggeration is used for effect, for example Turbo-Charged Cockroaches. 4.Outside A Hotel in Gaborone THEME The Poem put its focus on the desire or chase for money that people have and on the other hand it shows the power, strength and control that money can posses. This theme is being illustrated throughout the poem, and to start with the poet is trying to show us the picture behind a person who has money. He writes ‘Splash of Strident Colours, Splash of Covetous Smiles' as to show craving for possession or desire for wealth. So this is how a rich person would appear. He then continues to the second stanza to mention â€Å"eyes that lust money† s to say Minds that have a desire for m oney. And then he continues to the third stanza until the last one to illustrate what money does or what one would achieve with his/her wealthy being. and by doing so he write ‘ Purr of sleek cars' as to say Slow, continuous murmuring sound produced by attractive shinny cars driven in a group or a flock in chase for quick money. So this is basically what the poet is illustrating towards the end of the poem TONE So during the in analyzing the poem, it has appeared that the poet wrote this poem in a sad tone or mood as to show how disappointed he is.He is being let down by the impact that money has toward people around his city, Gaborone. STRUCTURE The Structure of poem comprises of 4 stanzas, the first stanza until the third one having a tercent each and the fourth stanza with quintet. POETIC DEVICES The Poem also comprises of some poetic devises such as rhyme, imagery, metaphor, simileys and. Firstly the rhyme, the poet uses sight rhyme that is word that are quite similar in s pelling but rather differ in pronunciations. For examples words like Cars and Curs, Flesh and Flash.He then applies Imagery, which is a sentence that uses the human senses to describe a vivid mental picture. For example he wrote â€Å"eyes that lust money† as to illustrate the picture of someone who has desire for money. He then applied the metaphor and simileys as to compare objects that are not alike, for example ‘Purr of Sleek Cars' and ‘Like Curs on Heat†. Here he is comparing the sound made by cars to the sound made by cats and again he compares an Undesirable dog on heat to Cars, as they are being driven by their owners in search for money. 5. SEROWE REFLECTONS STRUCTUREIt is made up of seven stanzas. The title is relevant in the sense that Serowe that the Poet talks about is different from the one he knew, the one he grew up in therefore it creates or forms on image of the then Serowe. POETIC DEVICES Metaphor ‘There is a permanent roar of your g reat warriors’. TONE The tone is sad because the Poet seems not to appreciate the changes in Serowe. There is so much change that he cannot accommodate. Serowe has become some that he is not proud of. SUMMARY From the poem we can tell that at first Serowe was a place that the Poet liked and enjoyed as his village.It was rich in culture but now Serowe has turned into something else, people use dongas to relief themselves; it is no longer safe for people to walk as night as people are being killed for sacrifices which is believed to bring wealth. Even the Kgotla [main] of Serowe makes people to think deeply about it whether it still potray the meaning of the Kgotla. Serowe has heavily fallen, one may say on the broken back just like the Poet and he continues by asking what could have went wrong with Serowe, the question is posed in such a way that the Poet want to find a solution in restoring the old Serowe.

Organizational Approaches to studying the human body Essay

There are seven organizational approaches to studying the human body. The first would be body planes and body directions. The body can be divided up into three sections, front and back, top to bottom, and left to right. The names of those three planes are the coronal, the transverse, and the sagittal planes. When you are studying organs or tissues you could use this approach to make sure the job gets done to the most accurate degree. Looking at the lungs, brains, and joints can be difficult sometimes so in that case you would use the body and planes approach. The body can be studied also according to the body cavity approach and by looking at the major internal organs. Most of the time that you see this approach being used the reasoning is to look deeper into the body and find disease. When conducting a physical exam on someone they may use an approach to identify where your internal organs are placed called the quadrants and regions approach. There are four quadrants, URQ, ULQ, LLQ, and LRQ. There are also nine regions. The nine regions are the right and left hypochondriac, the epigastric region, the right and left lumbar regions and the umbilical region; finally there is the right and left inguinal regions along with the hypogastric regions. This approach works the best when being given a physical exam for school sports or whatever. The next approach that may be used to study the human body would be the anatomy and physiology approach. This approach can be used for studying the structures in the body and how they react to certain things that you may or may not do on a daily basis. This approach is also good for examining and studying cells or the nervous system. Microscopic and macroscopic may sound similar but they are far different. This approach can be best exercised in looking to see how cells combine to make a larger cell. Next on the list is the body systems approach. In this approach you can easily study the circulatory system as well as the respiratory system. The last and final approach that you can study the human body with is the medical specialty approach. In this approach you are able to study the human body for medical use.

Inborn errors of metabolism Essays

Inborn errors of metabolism Essays Inborn errors of metabolism Essay Inborn errors of metabolism Essay Congenital mistakes of metamorphosis occurs 1 in 5000 births jointly. They can be treated if the congenital mistake is diagnosed decently and early. They are manfully caused by a cistron defect that blocks critical metabolic tracts. The can be server, which is chiefly due to amount of enzymes that is doing the block or lack of the reaction merchandise. This can impact the variety meats and besides have local consequence such as lysosomal storage disease. The symptoms can change, from mild to severe. They affect any variety meats and occur at any clip. To recognize the Inborn Errors of Metabolism, the physician must be leery ; for illustration a babe that show marks of antecedent maternal febrility should undergo a blood civilization and besides undergo simple trials such as Amino acids, Organic acids, Glucose, Electrolytes, Lactate, and Ammonia ; which is done in the research lab. 2.0 Abstraction Congenital mistakes of metamorphosis ( IEM ) are a group of familial upsets that are rare. These upsets are familial diseases that are involved in metamorphosis upsets. A big subdivision of these upsets arise from individual cistrons that encodes for enzymes ; that have been faulty. These enzymes are of import that they catalyses chemical reactions change overing substrates to merchandises indispensable for mundane life. Congenital mistakes of metamorphosis upsets can originate from a figure of conditions such as prolong exposure and accretion of substances which are toxic, and the intervention of normal maps and the inability to bring forth and synthesise indispensable compounds. Congenital mistakes of metamorphosis has related to defects in or damage to a developing fetus that may hold been caused to familial alterations, that is why Congenital mistakes of metamorphosis is sometimes referred as inborn metabolic diseases. Congenital mistakes of metamorphosis have besides been linked to heritable upsets within biochemistry, for illustration PKU ( PKU ) . That is why some times it is referred as familial metabolic diseases every bit good. In the position of alterations of normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical maps, IEM can split into three utile groups that can be analysed diagnostically. Group 1: Disorders which causes poisoning. Group 2: Disorders affecting energy metamorphosis. And Group 3: Disorders affecting complex molecules. 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Congenital Mistakes of Metamorphosis In the early 1900s, a research worker called Sir Archibald Garrod s based his surveies on familial metabolic upsets and discovered IEM [ 1, 2 ] . He was known for his work on the one cistron, one enzyme hypothesis, based on his surveies on the nature and heritage of alcaptonuria. And gave the name and wrote a book on IEM ( The Incidence of Alkaptonuria: a Study in Chemical Individuality. ) [ 1, 2 ] . IEM can originate from a figure of causes, but the major cause is change of a specific metabolic reaction [ 1, 2 ] . IEM has been shown to develop at a really immature age, where epidemiology findings indicated that 100s of IEM affects about 1 in every 5000 born babes [ 2 ] . But as engineering progresss and improved techniques such as metabolomics, has been easy to develop newborn showing that improves early diagnosing and intervention in a figure of IEM upsets [ 2 ] . But as these new techniques cost a batch to run and clip additions, turn outing to be undependable [ 2 ] . The survey and the cognition about congenital mistakes of metamorphosis ( IEM ) have improved due to the latest promotion in engineering and techniques [ 2, 3 ] . These betterment have led us to the decision, for illustration urea rhythm upsets and organic acidemias may and will take to the accretion of ammonium hydroxide, which is a toxic merchandise of aminic acerb metamorphosis [ 2, 3 ] . Besides the latest findings are that congenital mistakes of metamorphosis ( IEM ) may impair encephalon map due to defects in the mitochondrial respiratory concatenation and upsets in gluconeogenesis [ 4 ] . There are 10 facts that need to take inconsiderateness when people with IEM undergo clinical diagnosing [ 5 ] . Common status such as, poisoning, phrenitis and encephalon tumors in older patients and besides sepsis have to be analysed decently and ever see IEM in the same field [ 5 ] . Symptom that persists and that are unexplained even earlier, during and after initial intervention and usual probes has been performed, have to be taken to consideration that it could be IEM [ 5 ] . Newborn babes that have organ disfunction, hypo-perfusion, or hypotension can develop sepsis, which can be caused by IEM. So any babes in neonatal intensive attention unit that dice, the first cause that has to be taken to account is IEM [ 5 ] . Have to take excess attention in reexamining all autopsy findings [ 5 ] . The tester must non confound a symptom for illustration peripheral neuropathy ; or syndrome such as sudden baby decease with etiology [ 5 ] . IEM can develop and show at any age, for illustration from fetal life to old age [ 5 ] . The tester must take to account that non all familial metabolic mistakes causes are due to familial and familial recessive upsets, but a big subdivision of single instances are sporadic [ 5 ] . Always consider congenital mistakes of metamorphosis are unfastened to intervention for illustration with patients that have inborn mistakes of metamorphosis due to intoxication [ 5 ] . In server state of affairss, the tester will necessitate to take a few patients with IEM that are able to name and handle the patient with IEM [ 5 ] . The tester must be unfastened to obtain aid from specialized Centres that specialise with IEM [ 5 ] . The metabolic upsets can be set into three utile groups that can easy be distinguished from each other [ 5, 6, 7 ] . These three groups are sorted from a pathophysiological point of position [ 5, 6, 7 ] . The groups are ; Group 1: Disorders which is caused by poisoning [ 5, 6, 7 ] . Group 2: Disorders affecting energy metamorphosis [ 5, 6, 7 ] . And Group 3: Disorders affecting complex molecules [ 5, 6, 7 ] . 1.2 Group 1- Disorders which is caused by poisoning In this group, it describes congenital mistakes of intermediary metamorphosis. These congenital mistakes cause ague of progressive poisoning from long exposure and addition of toxic compounds, organizing a metabolic block [ 5, 6, 7 ] . In group 1 the congenital mistakes are manfully aminic acerb katabolism [ 5, 6, 7 ] . These include PKU, where there is a lack in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase ( PAH ) ; which is needed to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine to the amino acerb tyrosine [ 5, 6, 7 ] . Homocystinuria is an familial upset of the metamorphosis of methionine [ 5, 6, 7 ] . Tyrosinemia is where organic structure can non interrupt down the amino acerb tyrosine [ 5, 6, 7 ] . Besides organic acidurias such as methylmalonic acidemia, and propionic acidemia [ 5, 6, 7 ] . Sugar intolerances are besides classified in group 1 [ 5, 6, 7 ] . These include familial fructose intolerance caused by a lack of liver enzymes that metabolise fructose. Metal toxication besides falls under group 1 ; such as iron-storage disease, where the patient has accumulated a batch of Fe [ 5, 6, 7 ] . All these metabolic upsets have something in common, in that they do non impact the embryo development, and besides show similar symptoms of clinical poisoning [ 5, 6, 7 ] . A patient with group 1 upsets may demo an acute marks of purging, coma and liver failure ; or chronic marks which are cardiomyopathy, developmental hold and failure to boom. Acute symptoms that can decline are katabolism, febrility, and nutrient intake [ 5, 6, 7 ] . The analysis in group 1 is easy, and without any complications [ 5, 6, 7 ] . It needs the usage of chromatography in which the plasma and urine amino acid. Most of group 1 upsets are treatable. Treatment is normally involves particular diets and cleansing drugs such as Na benzoate and Cuprimine, to take the toxins [ 5, 6, 7 ] . The congenital mistake of amino acerb synthesis is besides included to this group, as they have the same or similar characteristics [ 7, 8 ] . They are congenital mistakes of intermediary metamorphosis ; the analysis requires the plasma and piss where upsets are able to be treated even when the upset starts with in the womb, for illustration 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase lack [ 5, 6, 7, 8 ] . 1.3 Group 2- Disorders affecting energy metamorphosis In this group congenital mistakes are mistakes of intermediary metamorphosis every bit good. The symptoms are chiefly caused by a deficiency of energy production or use. This will affect the liver, myocardium, musculus, and encephalon [ 5, 6, 7 ] . There are two types of upsets affecting energy metamorphosis. 1. involves mitochondrial energy defects. 2. involves cytoplasmatic energy defects [ 5, 6, 7 ] . Mitochondrial energy defects are more aggressive and are non to the full treatable [ 5, 6, 7 ] . Mitochondrial energy defects cause lactic acidemias where there is dextrorotary lactic acid in the circulating blood, ensuing to defects of the pyruvate transporter ensuing to PKU, pyruvate carboxylase this causes lactic acid to roll up in the blood, pyruvate dehydrogenase where the patient can demo symptoms of terrible lassitude, and defects in the Krebs rhythm [ 5, 6, 7 ] . But some defects such as fatty acerb oxidization and ketone organic structure defects are partially treatable [ 5, 6, 7 ] . Cytoplasmic energy defects are non every bit much aggressive so mitochondrial energy defects. A cytoplasmatic energy defect causes upsets of glycolysis, animal starch metamorphosis and gluconeogenesis [ 5, 6, 7 ] . And recent survey showed it causes upsets of creatine metamorphosis which it is partially treatable by unwritten creatine supplementation [ 5, 6, 7 ] . Cytoplasmic energy defects can do upsets that are untreatable, such as mistakes of the pentose phosphate tract which will be described in farther inside informations [ 5, 6, 7 ] . In group 2, the common symptoms are bosom musculus disease, hypoglycemia, myopathy which is a muscular disease, cardiac failure, specific failure of the circulation, sudden decease particularly in babyhood [ 5, 6, 7 ] . Mitochondrial upsets and every bit good as the pentose phosphate tract defects can blockade embryo-foetal development and give rise to dysmorphism, dysplasia doing an abnormalcy in ripening of cells within a tissue and inborn upset [ 5, 6, 7, 9 ] . The analysis and the diagnosing are difficult to set through as it requires 4 different trials [ 5, 6, 7 ] . 1. Function trials [ 5, 6, 7 ] . 2. Enzymatic analyses necessitating biopsies [ 5, 6, 7 ] . 3. Cell civilization [ 5, 6, 7 ] . 4. Molecular analyses [ 5, 6, 7 ] . 1.4 Group 3- Disorders affecting complex molecules. Group 3 involves cellular cell organs [ 5, 6, 7 ] . The diseases that fall under group 3 modify the synthesis or the katabolism of complex molecules [ 5, 6, 7 ] . There are symptoms that are lasting and progressive, and some symptoms free from intercurrent events [ 5, 6, 7 ] . In this group there are upsets such as lysosomal storage upsets, peroxisomal upsets and congenital mistakes of cholesterin synthesis etc. In this group intervention is hard would necessitate enzyme replacing therapy, particularly for lysosomal upsets [ 5, 6, 7, 10 ] . 2.0 General Symptoms and Signs There is a manner for proving newborn babes for congenital mistakes [ 11 ] . This procedure is called Newborn showing. This tests babes at a really early age for four types of diseases that are treatable: familial, endocrinologic, metabolic and haematological diseases [ 11 ] . Dr Robert Guthrie was a microbiologist who designed a dried blood topographic point testing, and used it to test for PKU [ 12 ] . To this present twenty-four hours that descrying trial is still being used. As techniques have improved so hold the showing [ 12 ] . A doctor who is testing a newborn babe for a metabolic upset has follow four groups of clinical fortunes: The doctor must happen early symptoms, particularly in the antenatal and neonatal period of development. In the ulterior stages the doctor must happen symptoms that are server and repeating. Symptoms such as coma and emesis. If the physician finds any symptoms that are chronic and aggressive, they could be due to three things: 1 ) Gastrointestinal. 2 ) Muscular. 3 ) Neurological. These will be described in more item below The doctor must happen any marks of myocardiopathy, hepatomegaly etc. This could take to organ failures. The three groups have symptoms that are chronic and aggressive that can be easy ignored or misinterpreted. 2.1 Gastrointestinal Symptoms. If a patient has inborn mistakes of metamorphosis ( IEM ) , the individual might hold symptoms that autumn under the Gastrointestinal Symptoms ( GI ) group [ 13 ] . These symptoms include Anorexia, which is an eating upset [ 5, 13 ] . Osteoporosis which untreated could take to castanetss fracturing. Chronic emesis, feeding troubles, and failure to thrive are besides symptoms of ( GI ) . But they are besides associated with chronic diarrhea [ 5, 13 ] . This could take to false and the incorrect diagnosing [ 5, 13 ] . There are two groups that have been described to hold caused chronic diarrhea and failure to boom within congenital mistakes of metamorphosis: These upsets include mistakes of the enteric mucous membrane or the exocrine map of the pancreas, for illustration inborn chloride diarrhea, glucose- galactose malabsorption a status in which the cells run alonging the bowel can non take in the sugars. Lactase and sucrose-isomaltase lacks where the individual is unable to metabolize milk sugar or saccharose. Abetalipoproteinemia type II upset that interferes with the normal soaking up of fat and fat-soluble vitamins from nutrient [ 5, 13 ] . Enterokinase lack ; Enterokinase is an enzyme involved in human digestion. Acrodermatitis enteropathica, a status that affects that soaking up of Zinc. Etc [ 5, 13 ] . Systemic upsets such as diabetes mellitus, diabetes, reaping hook cell disease, sarcoidosis, etc can besides give rise to GI abnormalcies. A job has risen in separating systemic abnormalcies and congenital mistake of metamorphosis and frailty versa [ 5, 13 ] . 2.2 Muscle Symptoms. There are a figure of symptoms that autumn under this group. For illustration: Hypotonia, where there is a upset that causes low musculus tone and strength [ 5, 14 ] . Muscular failing and hapless musculus mass [ 5, 14 ] . These symptoms are common with many congenital mistakes of metamorphosis. These symptoms can be caused by urea rhythm defects and many amino acid metamorphosis upsets [ 5, 14 ] . Recent surveies have shown that the cause of musculus symptoms can be due to mutants in the monocarboxylate transporter 8 cistron, which can develop Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome [ 14 ] . Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome falls under the musculus symptoms group as it causes hypotonus, general failing of the musculus, reduced musculus mass and delayed development [ 14 ] . Further surveies showed that this X-linked mental deceleration syndrome is involved in the conveyance of liothyronine into neurones and disrupts the blood degrees of thyroid endocrine [ 14 ] . 2.3 Neurological Symptoms. Patients with congenital mistakes frequently have neurological symptoms. These include of neurological abnormalcies, in the cardinal and peripheral system. Surveies have shown that these neurological symptoms are really frequent with congenital mistakes [ 5, 15 ] . These symptoms include hapless eating, hypotonus, ataxy, and even autistic characteristics [ 5, 15 ] . The analysis of congenital mistakes, due to the showing of neurological symptoms is really hard due to symptoms that are non specific marks ; sings that include for illustration developmental hold, and hypotonus [ 15 ] . 3.0 Screening Newborns for Inborn Error of Metabolism 3.1 Newborn showing Newborn showing is a technique, used to observe congenital mistakes [ 17, 12 ] . It was foremost used to observe PKU ( PKU ) by a bacterial suppression check, developed in the 1961 by Dr Robert Guthrie as already stated. His technique in utilizing dried blood sample was further developed in the mid 1975, where a scientist called Dussault used a method to testing for inborn hypothyroidism [ 16 ] . A batch of clip and money has been invested into the showing programme, and now they have uncovered new upsets that are related to congenital mistakes [ 17, 12 ] . Disorders such as cystic fibrosis, inborn adrenal hyperplasia, which is a form mutant of cistrons that produces enzymes that interceding production of hydrocortisone from cholesterin by the adrenal secretory organs. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase lack and many more [ 5 ] . To this present twenty-four hours, for testing neonates, tandem mass spectroscopy is used [ 18 ] . It is a batch easier for showing and diagnosing. The application of tandem mass spectroscopy to newborn showing was first described in 1990 [ 18 ] . The primary purpose of newborn showing is to place patients, manfully infants with serious upsets that are treatable [ 18 ] . This will do it easy to forestall or better clinical symptoms of the disease [ 18 ] . Tandem mass-spectrometry is really utile in observing more than one upset at one clip [ 18 ] . This can be used to observe early untreatable upsets and besides can be good if the showing was non limited to merely single babes, but the whole household every bit good [ 18 ] . The showing procedure uses MSMS [ 18 ] . MSMS is the method used to mensurate analytes by both mass and construction [ 18 ] . First the compounds are ionised, where the first mass spectrometer selects the ion of involvement, where it is sorted by weight [ 18 ] . Then the compounds travel through a hit cell, are dissociated to signature fragments, and so go through into a 2nd mass spectrometer where ions are selected for sensing. [ 18 ] . 3.2 Method for testing Research have been done where most newborn testing programmes use simplifying sample readying, alternatively derivatisation of the sample which is the old method [ 18 ] . When investigation, the sample might demo more than one upset. But the usage of ratio of analytes improves sensitiveness and specificity [ 19 ] . Specialized biochemical familial testing is ever done to verify which type of upset the patient has [ 18 ] . Theses familial trials include aminic acerb analysis, organic acid analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy, and plasma acylcarnitine profile by MSMS [ 18 ] . 4.0 Screening for Individual Inborn Errors of Metabolism Well over 40 congenital mistakes of metamorphosis can now be detected by newborn testing [ 20 ] . This subdivision will look at three congenital mistakes. 4.1 Pentose Phosphate Pathway The pentose phosphate tract ( PPP ) is an anabolic tract where is uses a 6 C glucose to bring forth a 5 C sugars and cut downing equivalents, as shown in Fig. 1. There are three primary maps of this tract [ 21 ] : To bring forth cut downing equivalents, such as NADP organizing NADPH. NADPH allows decrease biogenesis reactions to happen within cells [ 21 ] . To bring forth ribose-5-phosphate ( R5P ) for the cell, for the synthesis of the bases and nucleic acids [ 21 ] . Can metabolize dietetic pentose sugars that are derived from digestion of nucleic acids [ 21 ] . These besides rearrange the C skeletons of dietetic saccharides into glycolytic/gluconeogenic intermediates [ 21 ] . 4.1.1 Disorders of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway There are three congenital mistake in the pentose phosphate tract that have been identified [ 21 ] . 4.1.2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase lack The enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ( G6PDH ) , catalyses the reaction that converts glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate. This creates one mole of NADPH each for every mole of glucose-6-phosphate ( G6P ) that enters the PPP [ 21 ] . A lack would take to an mistake to the first irreversible measure of the tract [ 21 ] . This would take farther to a lower production in NADPH, doing the cell more acceptable to oxidative emphasis [ 21 ] . G6PDH is really of import for Red blood cells metabolism [ 21 ] . A lack could take Persons to nonimmune haemolytic anemia which can be caused by, infection or exposure to certain medicines or chemicals [ 21 ] . G6PDH lack is besides linked to favism [ 21 ] . It is thought to be an X-linked recessionary familial disease [ 21 ] . 4.1.3 Ribose-5-Phosphate Isomerase Deficiency A recent survey have shown that a patient with of ribose-5-phosphate isomerise lack, had developed progressive leucoencephalopathy and, developmental and speech hold [ 21 ] . They did farther surveies utilizing NMR and found that polyols ribitol and D-arabitol concentration was unnatural in organic structure fluids [ 21, 22 ] . They did their surveies on fibroblasts and found that the enzyme gene-sequence analysis showed a frame-shift and a missense mutant [ 22 ] . 4.1.31 Metabolic Derangement Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase lack would intend that the reversible reaction change overing ribose-5-phosphate to ribulose-5-phosphate and frailty versa will hold [ 22 ] . If there was no lack ribulose-5-phosphate would be converted to xylulose 5-phosphate, which will supply the substrates for transketolase and farther transition into glycolytic intermediates [ 22 ] . Surveies have found that there are two mutant allelomorphs one from each parents that consequences in ribose-5-phosphate isomerise cistron that causes the lack [ 22 ] . So it could be an autosomal recessionary heritage upset [ 22 ] . The best manner to make a diagnostic trial for Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase lack would be to take a urine sample [ 22 ] . Polyols ribitol and D-arabitol would be analysed [ 22 ] . Besides enzyme checks can be used to sequence the ribose-5-phosphate isomerise cistron [ 22 ] . 4.1.4 Transaldolase Deficiency Some surveies have been done where three unrelated households had Transaldolase lack [ 23 ] . One patient had aortal constriction where the aorta narrows [ 23 ] . During the patient s life they found that ammonium hydroxide was lifting. But neurological and rational development has been normal. Another patient had HELLP syndrome ( haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low thrombocyte count ) [ 23, 24 ] . Children with transaldolase lack have been diagnosed have found that the development of rational and neurological showed no abnormalcies [ 23, 24 ] . But there is a strong nexus to liver cirrhosis which consequences from increased cell decease of hepatocytes and bilious epithelial cells [ 23, 24 ] . 4.1.41 Metabolic Derangement Transaldolase catalyses the reaction: Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + glyceric aldehyde 3-phosphate erythrose 4-phosphate + fructose 6-phosphate [ 59 ] . It is a reversible reaction in the pentose phosphate tract. The lack lead to the accretion of polyols derived from the tract intermediates: erythritol, arabitol and ribitol [ 59 ] . Surveies have shown that all patients were homozygous for these specific mutants, proposing autosomal recessionary heritage [ 23, 24 ] . A simple urine trial can be done to name of transaldolase lack, chiefly because there is a high concentration of arabitol and ribitol in piss. Besides enzyme checks can be used to sequence the cistron [ 23, 24 ] . Liver graft would be the lone option with patients that have severe liver cirrhosis [ 23, 24 ] . 4.2.0 Insulin secernment by the pancreatic A ; szlig ; -cell In the production of insulin glucose enters the A ; szlig ; -cell through a GLUT2 transporter where it is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme glucokinase [ 58 ] . The enzyme is used as a control, where it monitors the degree of glucose [ 58 ] . As blood glucose raises the rate of glucose metamorphosis besides increases, where the cell will undergo glycolysis bring forthing ATP [ 58 ] . This addition of ATP concentration causes K+ channels to shut, doing the membrane depolarised [ 58 ] . This depolarization causes the electromotive force sensitive Ca2+ channels to open and Ca ions inundation in, exciting insulin secernment by exocytosis from storage granules ; this is shown in Fig. 2. 4.2.1Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycaemia Hyperinsulinism has been diagnosings in all ages but it is really common in childhood [ 25 ] . Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia ( PHHI ) is the 1 of the chief cause of hypoglycemia particularly in immature kids. Patients who are older, that develop PHHI are due to pancreatic adenoma [ 25 ] . Hypoglycemia when there is an overrun of insulin by the A ; szlig ; -cells in the pancreas [ 25 ] . Hypoglycaemia can bring forth a assortment of symptoms the most unsafe is encephalon harm which can take to decease, and that is why intervention is critical [ 25 ] . PHHI has two histopathological lesions that can be easy distinguished, doing PHHI a heterogenous upset [ 25 ] . Focal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia ( FoPHHI ) is caused by loss of heterozygosity which is a bodily event [ 25 ] . This causes focal adenomatous hyperplasia, which is a pancreatic lesion [ 25 ] . They are treated with pancreatectomy, where they surgically remove portion of the pancreas. Diffuse hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia ( DiPHHI ) is besides a heterogenous upset, in that fact that it is unable to encode for proteins needed for insulin secernment [ 25 ] . This can besides be caused autosomal recessive and dominant cistrons which are rare [ 25 ] . Positron emanation imaging ( PET ) is used to separate between focal and diffuse PHHI [ 25 ] . This gives a 3D image or image of functional procedures in the organic structure [ 25 ] . Once a patient is diagnosed with PHHI, they are on intervention straight off with glucose and glucagon [ 25 ] . 4.2.12Metabolic Derangement Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is due to insulin hypersecretion by the pancreas [ 25 ] . The Action insulin causes a lessening in plasma glucose by suppressing hepatic glucose release from animal starch and gluconeogenesis, and by increasing glucose consumption in musculus and fat [ 25 ] . PHHI is a upset that is caused by a assortment of defects, either in ordinance of insulin secernment, unable to transcribe the enzymes needed of even a modified receptor [ 26 ] . For illustration diseases that can impact the ion channels like ictuss [ 27, 28, 29 ] . Besides deficiency of enzyme production of glucokinase ( GK ) , and glutamate dehydrogenase ( GDH ) [ 30, 31 ] . Epidemiology has found that 1/50,000 patients are born with PHHI [ 32, 33 ] . Focal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is strongly linked to mutant of the sulfonylurea-receptor and the K+ channels, both used to depolarize the cell [ 32, 33 ] . Both are found to be located on the chromosome 11p15 [ 32, 33 ] . To place these mutants they would necessitate to be tested in a fetus or embryo before it is born. Sulfonylurea-receptor cistron ( SUR1 ) will non react to diazoxide, which is used as a K+ channels activator [ 34 ] . Surveies have found that a high activity of the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase ( GDH ) has resulted to hyperinsulism/hyperammonemia syndrome. This would do sense as GDH is needed to bring forth insulin and this would impair detoxification of ammonium hydroxide in the liver [ 31 ] . The enzyme glucokinase ( GK ) is besides expressed extremely, where the affinity is increased for glucose, doing high degrees of insulin secernment [ 30 ] . 4.2.13 Diagnostic Trials Diagnostic of HI is easy, in the fact that, it can be indicated by the degrees of glucose in the blood. Treatment varies from age [ 35 ] . Hyperammonemia should be treated as another disease, when a patient has PHHI, when handling hyperinsulism/hyperammonemia syndrome. This can be done by analysis of urine organic acids and plasma acylcarnitines [ 36 ] . Patients who show the FoPHHI can hold lesion runing from 2.5 to 7.5 millimeters in diameter [ 37, 38 ] . Peoples who have DiPHHI found that there was A ; szlig ; -cells that were unnatural [ 39 ] . Pancreatic venous catheterisation ( PVS ) and pancreatic arteriography have proven really utile in turn uping the site of insulin secernment [ 40, 41 ] . PVS process will hold to able to keep blood glucose degree, which is between 2 and 3 mmol/l. Blood sample would so be taken from the pancreas to mensurate 3 things 1.plasma glucose, 2.insulin and 3.C-peptide degrees [ 40, 41 ] . Surveies have shown that people with FoPHHI tend to hold high concentration of plasma insulin and C-peptide degrees in some samples and low concentration in others [ 40, 41 ] . Peoples who have DiPHHI tend to happen that all their sample have high concentration of plasma insulin and C-peptide [ 40, 41 ] . The usage of [ 18F ] -labelled fluoro-L-DOPA whole-body antielectron emanation imaging ( PET ) , has proved to be really utile in observing hyperfunctional islet pancreatic tissue, where this can be used on patients with focal lesion [ 42 ] . Recent surveies have shown that a new technique have been use to turn up focal lesion and separate focal from diffuse signifiers of HI ; this is the tolbutamide trial [ 44, 45 ] . 4.2.14 Treatment and Prognosis Brain harm can happen if you are hypoglycemic, so intervention demands to be speedy. Glucagon would be given, where the patient would hold to take 1 to 2 milligrams per twenty-four hours if blood glucose degrees are unstable [ 35 ] . To handle PHHI, Hyperstat would be given, normally at a dosage of 15-10 mg/kg/day depending on your age [ 35 ] . Normal blood glucose degrees should be between 4 and 7 mmol/l, before and after a repast [ 56 ] . This could necessitate to be look into every clip one time taking diazoxide [ 35, 56 ] . Octreotide intervention, can besides be used as it is a endocrine inhibitor [ 46 ] . But a high could take to a more terrible hypoglycemia, as it can suppress glucagon and growing endocrine [ 46 ] . Patients will happen that after intervention with octreotide, they might purge or hold diarrhoea [ 46 ] . Calcium-channel blockers could be used, such as Lercanidipine and Pranidipine [ 46 ] . These interventions that have been mentioned are really effectual in commanding blood sugar [ 46 ] . If a patient is diagnosed with FoPHHI, the intervention tends to be surgical as drugs are uneffective [ 46 ] . They would undergo pancreatectomy. This process has its hazard as the patient might develop diabetes mellitus [ 46 ] . DiPHHI patients have been found to hold big karyons in the A ; szlig ; -cells [ 35, 47 ] . And patients with FoPHHI showed no unnatural s-cell karyons but did demo shriveled cytol [ 49, 50 ] . 4.3 Glucose Transporter Deficiency Monosaccharide s such as glucose and fruit sugar have the belongingss of being hydrophilic [ 59 ] . The lipid bilayer has hydrophilic caputs and hydrophobic dress suits, prevent polar molecule such as glucose from spreading across the membrane [ 59, 60 ] . So transport mechanisms are needed. These are hydrophilic pores leting polar molecules to spread in and out of the cell [ 59, 60 ] . There are two types of glucose transporters. 1. Sodium-dependent glucose transporters ( SGLT ) , which have been found to be located in the little bowel and the proximal tubule [ 59, 60 ] . SGLT uses the difference in concentration of Na to transport glucose [ 59, 60 ] . From high to low concentration of Na causes the conveyance of glucose against its ain concentration gradient [ 59, 60 ] . 2. Facilitative glucose transporters ( GLUT ) , which has been found throughout the organic structure, but manfully in musculus and pancreas cells [ 59, 60 ] . These transporters transport glucose from high to low concentration [ 59, 60 ] . Surveies have shown that there are four defects in the conveyance of monosaccharoses [ 59, 60 ] . These defects can depend on where the transporters are located within the o

Life of Albert Einstein Essays - Albert Einstein, Mileva Mari

Life of Albert Einstein Essays - Albert Einstein, Mileva Mari Abstract Albert Einstein is one of the most known scientists that ever walked the Earth. He created theories that seemed to completely change the idea people have on the world and its characteristics. Einstein was able to form equations that explained how the earth worked and why it worked the way that it did. His early years were a little sketchy, but when he realized that his passion for physics and mathematics overpowered everything else, it all seemed to fall into place for him. Einstein was a very hardworking and focused man, but seemed to only be able to focus on the things he was passionate about. Throughout his life, Einstein wondered if he was crazy or if people were crazy for not understanding him. His scientific life and personal life both became complicated, but overall, the impact he made is astonishing and will continue to be reflected on throughout the centuries. Albert Einstein accomplished many things in the years he had and is continuing to have an important presence in the scientific world. Throughout this essay, it is seen that Einsteins thoughts have changed the overall idea that everyone had about the way the earth, space, and time worked. Albert Einstein was considered one of the greatest physicists of all time, and this wasn't for just any reason. The influence he made in the world of science is remarkable and unforgettable. Einstein wasn't just known as the crazy-haired mad scientist that you see on the front of t-shirts. He was also a philosopher and humanist who was heavily interested in the affairs of the world. Known as the creator of the Theory of Relativity, the impact Einstein made on the world affected the way people view and understand the world and their place in it. So can it be said that Einstein really is the "Greatest Jew since Jesus"? Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Wrttemberg, Germany. He was born into a traditionally Jewish family and lived with his mother, father, and sister. His father, Hermann Einstein, was a salesman and engineer, while his mother was a stay-at-home wife who ran the family household. Einstein had a sister also, Maja, who was two years younger than himself. When Einstein entered elementary school, he often felt alienated and struggled making friends. He had speech challenges which caused him to be treated unfairly by the teachers and other students. By being forced to have independence, Einstein developed a strong passion for classical music and playing the violin. But although he did have these passions, his deep inquisitiveness and inquiry was calling his name. One of his parents' friends tutored Einstein and introduced him to the science he had soon come to admire. After Einstein and his family moved to Italy in the 1890s and he dropped out of school, Einstein faced mili tary duty, but quickly withdrew using a doctor's note stating that he had nervous exhaustion. Because of this, Einstein's parents became very concerned about his future as a school drop-out and a draft dodger. Although his parents thought this, it did not stop him from thriving on his passion of science. Einstein was admitted to the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich due to his high mathematics and physics scores on an entrance exam. During this time, Einstein could not easily bring himself to study what did not interest him. This brought his professors into a dislike of Einstein. Although this had occurred, Einstein continued learning firsthand the works of great pioneers in science and philosophy. While dedicating hours to his studies, Einstein still found time to meet and fall in love with his soon to be wife at the time, Mileva Maric. They married against the will of her families in Berne in 1903. They then had two kids who go by the names of Hans Albert and Eduard. Many people still think today that Maric made a great contribution to Einstein's Theory of Relativity during this time, but there isn't any proof or written records proving that she was involved. Although she didn't help him in the way people claim she did, her personal and intellectual relationship with Einstein played an important role in his career. Through

REDUCING TYPICAL PROPOSAL WEAKNESSES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

REDUCING TYPICAL PROPOSAL WEAKNESSES - Essay Example Finances is an issue business owners find hard to part with but in order to get the bets proposal, realistic cost estimates must be set and adhered to. Lastly is to have an in depth understanding of the purpose of the proposal and how it can be beneficial to the business. This understanding will allow the owner to be on the fore front of the proposal from start to end. In solicited proposal, it is the customer who has requested for it while in unsolicited, the company send the customer the proposal without them having asked. Solicited proposals are paid much more attention to and the information is relevant to the customer unlike in unsolicited proposal where there are high chances of it not being read as well as the information not being useful to the customer. Amendments make clarification on issues of debate for both parties hence solving their differences and creating a relationship in the long

Encouraging affective organisational commitment in Thai part-time Essay - 1

Encouraging affective organisational commitment in Thai part-time employees at Thai restaurants in UK - Essay Example y on the quality of food and beverages served, the level of hospitality coupled with cosiness of the customers and corresponding general environment of the restaurant. Therefore, the prevailing case study has been appropriately chosen for carrying out research on the customer loyalty at the Thai Square restaurants (Gratton & Jones, 2010, pp234-267). The research topic is purely analytical and the corresponding case study is most appropriate for analysis of the prevailing analytical issues within Thai Square Restaurants. Analytical method mainly entails description of the customer loyalty, which encompasses diverse theories regarding the subject matter and its corresponding applicability within the context of the real life scenario (Hartley, 2004, pp323-333). The analytical method applied within the case study is flexible and supports both the qualitative and quantitative analysis. The underlying case study method fosters studying the data that has been gathered via questionnaire survey (Gratton & Jones, 2010, pp234-267). Thus, analytical reasoning in regard to the underlying research is most appropriate for the existing case study approach. Case study method is mostly employed in the assessment of diverse matters associating to the social science, human and organizational behaviour coupled with the psychological studies (Hartley, 2004, pp323-333). The method utilized within the case study is analytical and mainly entail gathering data from diverse sources utilizing techniques encompassing questionnaire method, telephonic interviews, main and individual interviews. These methods are the fundamental sources of data gathering whilst secondary sources mainly entail information within diverse books, journals and corresponding website publications (Gratton & Jones, 2010, pp234-267). Diverse approaches was utilized in the study of the collected information are mainly categorized into qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques and encompasses statistical

The Safety of Medication Administration Assignment

The Safety of Medication Administration - Assignment Example he factors that contribute to medication error and immediately address these through an implementation of an electronic ordering system and by â€Å"incorporating bar-code verification technology within an electronic medication-administration system (bar-code eMAR)† (Poon, et al. 1698). could be deduced that from 2009 (Indiana State Department of Health: Report for 2009), the total number of hospitals in Indiana was 147 and was increased to 149 in 2011 (Indiana State Department of Health: Report for 2011). However, the total number of medication errors increased from 89 in 2009 to 94 to 2011, or 5.62%. The increase was noted to have come from care management, which exhibited an increase from 27 errors in 2009 to 44 errors in 2011. The errors under care management were explicitly identified under: Stage 3 or 4 Pressure Ulcers acquired after admission (Indiana State Department of Health). As proposed by Poon, et al., and Preidt, to avoid medication errors that ensue from timing, or inability to immediately address appropriate dispensation and administration of medications, an electronic ordering and administration system, through bar-code verification technology should be applied in contemporary health institutions, like ours. As emphasized by Poon, et al., the â€Å"use of the bar-code eMAR substantially reduced the rate of errors in order transcription and in medication administration as well as potential adverse drug events† (1706). Likewise, Preidt averred that â€Å"’Computerized provider order entry’ systems avoid the need to rely on handwritten instructions and provide built-in checks on drug doses and potentially harmful interactions with other medicines. These features help reduce the risk of medication mistakes† (par. 3). The insitution of these technological advancements would assist in improving care management and avoiding med ication errors associated to delays in dispensation and administration, as required. Solliday, Amanda. "Medical Error Reports

The Help Fictional Story Movie Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Help Fictional Story Movie Analysis - Essay Example Despite the difficulties the maids face at the hands of their racist employers, they are so remorseful and take good care of their employers’ children. In fact, the maids are portrayed as so loving to the employers’ children despite the harsh treatments they get from their bosses. Despite being looked down upon by their employers, the maids transform the life of a young white woman by empowering her to write a novel about them. Several themes emerge from the movie some of which include love, racial intolerance, class, and gender. Although the film is based on the Jim Crow era when America was deeply divided along racial line, love features prominently in the film. For instance, although the maids live with abusive employers, they show a lot of love to the children that they take care of. In real life, I have experienced what love can do in the midst of hatred and discrimination. In certain parts of Florida, I have noticed that people’s attitudes toward people of color, Blacks especially, are quite negative. It is not uncommon for one to hear a white expressing his/her dislike for blacks in subtle ways. While some people of color may opt to counter such attitudes and sentiments with negative words, others have taken to ignoring the negative attitudes, instead of countering them with love. From experience, I have realized that the persistent sharing of love with potential adversaries has a huge positive impact. Those who hate their others gradually change their negative attitudes when they are proven to be wrong through acts of love. The film is based mainly on the racism that was being practiced in America in the 1950s. In this regard, the movie tells of how the black maids are abused by their white employers who appears not to appreciate what they do.  

Analysis of Jane Eyre similarities between Bertha and Jane Essay

Analysis of Jane Eyre similarities between Bertha and Jane - Essay Example While Jane dominates the whole novel, it is only towards the third part of the novel that we are exposed to Bertha in person. Physically there is no comparison whatsoever, as there are no grounds at all. Jane is plain but not ugly; Bertha is grotesque. A comparison is possible only between the deeply subconscious state of Bertha and Jane's childhood misery, where she is confined to the frightful hole and wallows in terror. In the second chapter, the little child Jane gets scared and screams " Miss Jane screamed so loud Madam" (Bronte 12), pleads Bessie. Mrs. Reed condemns her as a "precocious actress in the eyes, a compound of virulent passions, mean spirit and dangerous duplicity" (Bronte 12). Jane is a creature of circumstances. She is unable "to bear the doctrine of endurance." Perhaps one may attempt a comparison to Bertha in this context, far fetched though it is likely to be. Chapter 3 talks of Jane being "wretched of mind" (Bronte 14). There is wretchedness in her heart. It is there in Bertha too. Why else would a mentally deranged woman rip the wedding veil apart and crush it underfoot Rochester in the guise of the fortune teller talks of Jane's "melancholy arising from loneliness" (Bronte 176) as reflected in her eye. Bertha is mad. Is her madness melancholy Bertha's reaction to the veil creates such a doubt in the reader, though one tends to squash it and attribute the action to her madness. Jane speaks of herself as "passionate but not vindictive" (Bronte 211) to her dying aunt. Bertha also is passionate - capable of intense feeling. Grace Poole calls her 'tolerable', 'snappish', 'not 'rageous today' (Bronte 259) Only the child Jane who mentions that she was beside herself or rather out of herself and is referred to as a "mad cat" can help bring comparisons to the forefront. "Dear dear ! What a fury to fly at Master John! Did ever anybody see such a picture of passion!" (Bronte 7) She is said to be an underhand little thing with so much cover. Abigail says, "It was always in her" and that "I have told Missus often my opinion about the child, and Missus agreed with me. She is an underhand little thing. I never saw a girl of her age with so much cover" (Bronte 8).The little Jane revolts against injustice vigorously. Her reason screams "Unjust! Unjust!". Mr. Lloyd talks to himself and says that her nerves are not in a good state. In Chapter 6, Jane, on a wave of introspection attributes her lack of good home and parents to her abnormal reasoning - wishing the wind to howl more wildly and "the confusion to rise to clamour" (Bronte 46). The first that we hear of Bertha is her laugh "mirthless, curious, distinct" (Bronte 92) As Dr. Sally Minogue states (Minogue, XVIII), "Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, in their groundbreaking study of nineteenth century fiction talk about psychoanalytic rather than realist terms. Following this, we can be persuaded that " Bertha's Gothic disruptions are Jane's rebellions writ large. Both threaten social stability, and both are contained, Bertha physically, Jane by self restraint. The red room is deliberately recalled in Bertha's incarceration in the third storey, and the she-devil called Mrs. Reed sees in the ten year old Jane, 'all fire and violence' (p. 211), prefigures Bertha's

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Puffin Parcel Group - Case Study Example Andre’s vision for Puffin Parcel Group (PPG) will herald a number of changes on the previous business processes in order for the people and structure to be suited to the new business strategies. Given that PPG has over the past decade operated a reliable service to local businesses in Manchester, the processes must be transformed to accommodate the expansion to other platforms. Expansion to the home delivery and returns market increases the complexity of business processes in PPG. Whereas the employees were used to working in a system that only supported collection and delivery to and from local businesses, they will now incorporate home delivery and collection to the business processes. This might also translate into a need for PPG to absorb some of the drivers on casual contract into its network of permanent full-time drivers. Having an online presence will have significant impact on PPG due to the impact of e-commerce on sales and marketing efforts. Liang (2010) notes the internet performs a number of significant functions, which improves efficiency in areas of operations such as information acquisition, organization, processing, storage and transfer. However, for the business to enjoy success brought about by these changes, the management should introduce changes targeting payment systems and logistic, which promotes innovations. These platforms means that although PPG does not open physical offices in other regions, its presence will expand to reach to national and also adds to potential exploitation of international customers. Among the areas that will change  is time of business operation. Online business will make it necessary for PPG to adopt a 24/7 business operation to fully capitalize on existing markets.  

The Help Fictional Story Movie Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Help Fictional Story Movie Analysis - Essay Example Despite the difficulties the maids face at the hands of their racist employers, they are so remorseful and take good care of their employers’ children. In fact, the maids are portrayed as so loving to the employers’ children despite the harsh treatments they get from their bosses. Despite being looked down upon by their employers, the maids transform the life of a young white woman by empowering her to write a novel about them. Several themes emerge from the movie some of which include love, racial intolerance, class, and gender. Although the film is based on the Jim Crow era when America was deeply divided along racial line, love features prominently in the film. For instance, although the maids live with abusive employers, they show a lot of love to the children that they take care of. In real life, I have experienced what love can do in the midst of hatred and discrimination. In certain parts of Florida, I have noticed that people’s attitudes toward people of color, Blacks especially, are quite negative. It is not uncommon for one to hear a white expressing his/her dislike for blacks in subtle ways. While some people of color may opt to counter such attitudes and sentiments with negative words, others have taken to ignoring the negative attitudes, instead of countering them with love. From experience, I have realized that the persistent sharing of love with potential adversaries has a huge positive impact. Those who hate their others gradually change their negative attitudes when they are proven to be wrong through acts of love. The film is based mainly on the racism that was being practiced in America in the 1950s. In this regard, the movie tells of how the black maids are abused by their white employers who appears not to appreciate what they do.  

Puffin Parcel Group Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Puffin Parcel Group - Case Study Example Andre’s vision for Puffin Parcel Group (PPG) will herald a number of changes on the previous business processes in order for the people and structure to be suited to the new business strategies. Given that PPG has over the past decade operated a reliable service to local businesses in Manchester, the processes must be transformed to accommodate the expansion to other platforms. Expansion to the home delivery and returns market increases the complexity of business processes in PPG. Whereas the employees were used to working in a system that only supported collection and delivery to and from local businesses, they will now incorporate home delivery and collection to the business processes. This might also translate into a need for PPG to absorb some of the drivers on casual contract into its network of permanent full-time drivers. Having an online presence will have significant impact on PPG due to the impact of e-commerce on sales and marketing efforts. Liang (2010) notes the internet performs a number of significant functions, which improves efficiency in areas of operations such as information acquisition, organization, processing, storage and transfer. However, for the business to enjoy success brought about by these changes, the management should introduce changes targeting payment systems and logistic, which promotes innovations. These platforms means that although PPG does not open physical offices in other regions, its presence will expand to reach to national and also adds to potential exploitation of international customers. Among the areas that will change  is time of business operation. Online business will make it necessary for PPG to adopt a 24/7 business operation to fully capitalize on existing markets.  

Trust in E - Commerce Essay Example for Free

Trust in E Commerce Essay Introduction The composition of this essay will concentrate on the topic about Trust in E-Commerce. Hence, this would focus in rendering a clear understanding on how such trust in E – Commerce would work in the actual practice of electronic business. The completion of this essay is up to provide general information about the importance of trust in E – Commerce. In addition to this, it will give an evident rationale in the primary functions of trust in actual practice of business in E – Commerce. Moreover, this paper holds on the purpose of providing comprehensive details on trust in E – Commerce. The following will be discussed: 1. A Brief Back Ground: Trust in Online environment 2. Importance of Trust in E Commerce 3. Major Risks in E-commerce 4. Arguments, Issues and More At the end of the paper, its goal includes determining the importance of trust in the practice of E – Commerce. Nevertheless, this essay would work to tackle prominent issues about E – Commerce with regard to trust. The Definition of Trust in an Online Environment Singh (1996) differentiates between two types of trust, which is that of soft trust and hard trust. Under the concept of soft trust, the important elements are that which â€Å"involve human psychology, brand loyalty, and user-friendliness† (Bollier 1996: 21 as cited in Singh 1996: 145). On the other hand, that of hard trust has factors, which â€Å"involve authenticity, encryption, and security in transactions† (Bollier 1996: 21 as cited in Singh 1996: 145). There is distinction that is to be made between the two that is the main reason for its separation. However, both sets of factors enable the users to have a sense of trust in a virtual environment where the virtual characteristic of the online environment has produced uncertainties.   Likewise, it is to be noted that the factors included for the â€Å"soft trust† involves those which are relative to the customers and are points where the online environment interacts with the users. These are the things, which are related to the client and would vary from every user. On the other hand, those elements under the category of hard trust leans towards those characteristics of the online environment which the users look for and which the different participants in the online environment should provide and possess in order for trust to be built. Moreover, Sutherland and Tan (2004) define trust as the element of the users that allow them to be vulnerable and take risks. It results to their acceptance of both the positive and negative consequences of their use of the online environment. The level for such may vary from one person to another depending on the elements of hard and soft trust placed above. Figure 1. E-Commerce Diagram for Secure Transactions Importance of Trust in E – Commerce Trust in a sense has always been significant aspect in doing business (The Importance of Trust and Credibility n.d.). Hence, establishing trust and credibility is a helpful way to gain the confidence of consumers or the customers (The Importance of Trust and Credibility n.d.). In sales, establishment of such trust is an efficient way to reach higher rate of sale (The Importance of Trust and Credibility n.d.). Likewise, trust and credibility is significant in building firm relationship with consumers and attract potential customers or buyers in the future (The Importance of Trust and Credibility n.d.). The E-commerce is a type of a socio-technical system in exchanging business data and information, upholding business relationships, and accomplishing business transactions through the used of telecommunications networks (E – Commerce Relationships n.d ). In literature, trust is commonly characterized as the confidence or predictability in individual’s potentials (Pavlou n.d ) and the confidence or faith in others goodwill (Trust in Electronic Environment n.d.). In the practice of E – Commerce, trust is considered to be the focal point of creating a firm relationship with the clients or the consumer (E – Commerce Relationships n.d.). This is due to the fact that in such environment the presence of risks, uncertainties, and interdependencies are prevalent (E – Commerce Relationships n.d.). Hence, such trust in the field of E – Commerce is significant for the fact that it serves as the key factor in establishing social capital (On-line trust: concepts, evolving themes, a model n.d.). In addition to this, trust in E-commerce is important in achieving positive outcomes or results such as improving supplier performance, attaining consumer’s satisfaction increasing competitive advantages, and other substantial economic achievement (Building E-commerce Trust Applying Usability Principles n.d., eCommerce and the electronics industry n.d.). In citation of these facts and information it is reasonable enough to say that such trust in the field of E –Commerce is proven to be significant and effectual in many ways. Moreover, apart from the significance of trust in E –Commerce, it also entails positive benefits. Such reward of trust is measurable in a broader range in E – Commerce such as reducing the transaction costs, endorsing advantageous behaviors to attract and limiting the extent of formal contracts (E – Commerce Relationships n.d., Egger n.d.). Nonetheless, trust plays a significant role in e-commerce due to the scenarios like lack of physical proximity, inefficiencies in web technology, anonymity, potential opportunism and lack of control (E – Commerce Relationships n.d.). Major Risks in E-commerce With the speedy development and improvement of technologies, more specifically that of the Internet, it is a fact that this entails a broader range of significant and new opportunities (Hunter n .d.). However, such new opportunities have come with new risks that are commonly not included in the company’s actual risk management strategy (Hunter n .d.). Likewise, the utilization of risk management has been part of the part of the business industry and is widely implemented in such environment (Hunter, n .d.). This is in support of protecting the company’s tangible assets that are exposed to different perils or risks (Hunter, n .d.). Thus, in the field of E –Commerce, such management strategy relies more in the use of technology such as the internet (Hunter, n .d.). Nonetheless, with the appropriate and accorded utilization of such risks management program, possible perils in E – Commerce could be addressed accordingly (Hunter, n .d.). In a sense, it is considered that the possible risks or perils in the field of E – Commerce is associated in different detrimental form such as, viruses, hackers and abuse of credit card numbers used in the transactions over telecommunication lines (Managing Risks in Electronic Commerce n.d.). However, such risks in E – Commerce could possibly be addressed by means of utilizing technological advances (â€Å"Managing Risks in Electronic Commerce n.d.). Certainly, in E – Commerce, major risks are categorized in three primary areas which are business risks, information risks, and technology risks (Managing Risks in Electronic Commerce n.d.). In a sense, the Information Risks are perils that involve information published and depicted in the web page or sites, which are associated with the manner of e-commerce (Managing Risks in Electronic Commerce n.d.). In addition to this, such category of risk in E – Commerce is considered to be the threats that are associated with the mismanagement of vital information such as violation of laws in a given state and other countries (Managing Risks in Electronic Commerce n.d.). The Technology risk is defined as the hazard that is associated with the databases, telecommunications, software and hardware (Managing Risks in Electronic Commerce n.d.). Also, these specific risks entails consequences that result to the mismanagement or misuse of technology and the utilization of inappropriate technologies in support of addressing the business needs (Managing Risks in Electronic Commerce n.d.). Business risks, on the other hand, are all about the relationship between the customer or consumers and the supplier. Also, this include risks that are associated with products and services, which are marketed and distributed over the Internet (Managing Risks in Electronic Commerce n.d.). In addition to this, such risk in E – Commerce also involves the possible risks associated with managerial factors in the business, which includes contractual and personnel matters (Managing Risks in Electronic Commerce n.d.). Furthermore, the risk of Credit Card Fraud is also perceived as one of the detrimental threats or danger in E – Commerce (Electronic Commerce n.d.). It is believed that such business peril has been in the system ever since credit cards are introduced (Electronic Commerce n.d.). As such, this risk of fraud is anticipated in the business as far as the credits cards are utilized mainly in the E – Commerce transactions (Electronic Commerce n.d.). Likewise, most of the companies involved in the E – Commerce industry is considered to be exposed to such risk by means of credit card utilization and losses for such (Electronic Commerce n.d.). By citing the actual process of utilizing the credit card in E – Commerce, it is clearly evident that such risk of fraud is prevalent in the business (Electronic Commerce n.d.). However, through the use of simple, but effective, strategies such risks in E –Commerce could possibly be addressed (Electronic Commerce n.d.). For instance, the service-based businesses with returning transactions from recognized client or customers entails a much lower risk of fraud (Electronic Commerce n.d.). Nonetheless, with the appropriate implementation of strategies and utilization of effectual business system, it is a fact that companies in E – Commerce could mitigate and prevent the possible risks that are stated above and gain positive benefits from online businesses such as credit transactions (Electronic Commerce n.d.). Arguments, Issues and More Just like any other business industry, the E – Commerce also experiences different issues that could be harmful in a sense. From a personal point of view, issues and arguments in business sectors is part of its actual practices. Thus, this could also serve as the valuable source of learning, which could be used for improvement and development of the company. In the industry of E – Commerce, it is perceived that the notion of trust is a significant matter that is considered in different issues. Moreover, â€Å"trust† is a notion that everyone clearly understands at a given personal perception (A Thoughtful Approach to Web Site Quality, E Commerce | Trust Trustworthiness n.d.). However, it is considered that one of the main issues with regard to trust in E –Commerce is associated with the people’s difficulties in expressing specific definition of such idea (A Thoughtful Approach to Web Site Quality, E Commerce | Trust Trustworthiness n.d.). Some of the public entails stricter basis in measuring and evaluating their trust in a person or a company (A Thoughtful Approach to Web Site Quality, E Commerce | Trust Trustworthiness n.d.). Moreover, the strategy to provide or render a reliable state of trust in the field of E – Commerce is considered to be one of the most pervasive issues in the industry that is still in search of possible resolution (Trust Issues in Ecommerce n.d.). This is due to the fact that such traditional method of face-to-face contact and reputation is far from occuring as compared to that of the actual business transaction of E – Commerce (Trust Issues in Ecommerce n.d.). Thus, the new method that is based on the utilization of digital certificates and cryptographic algorithms rendered by Certification Authorities are one of the common issues in E – Commerce as it is not enough to solve the issues with regards to trust (Trust Issues in Ecommerce n.d.). Conclusion With the above facts and information depicted in this essay, it is clearly reasonable to say that trust in E – Commerce plays a profound role in the industry. Hence, such notion is indeed significant in the entire process and actual practice of electronic business. As such, trust in Electronic Commerce works as the essential component towards the achievement of business success. In addition to this, such trust is important in rendering rooms for improvement and development in terms of financial aspects, operational, and over-all business performance. Thus, such is significant in the industry of Electronic Commerce as it is considered to be the key factor achieving various positive outcomes and results in the business. Nonetheless, the completion of this essay renders definite information on the primary uses and significance of trust in Electronic Commerce practices and business transactions. Moreover, this depicts the major issues of trust in E – Commerce and incorporated with the accorded reasons on such topics together with the appropriate mechanism or methodology to accordingly address such trust issues. References A Thoughtful Approach to Web Site Quality, E Commerce | Trust Trustworthiness [online] available from http://www.philosophe.com/commerce/trust.html [August 15, 2008]. Building E-commerce Trust Applying Usability Principles [online] available from http://www.nicolasdeproft.be/pages/ecommercetrust/conclusion.html [August 15, 2008]. eCommerce and the electronics industry [online] available from http://www.ferret.com.au/n/eCommerce-and-the-electronics-industry-n686364 [August 15, 2008]. E – Commerce Relationships [online] available from http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0198-239216/E-commerce-relationships-the-impact.html [August 15, 2008]. Egger F. (n.d.) Affective Design of E-Commerce User Interfaces: How to Maximise Perceived Trustworthiness [online] available from http://www.ecommuse.com/research/publications/CAHD2001.htm [August 15, 2008]. Electronic Commerce [online] available from http://www.responsivesystems.com.au/ecommerce/index.html [August 15, 2008]. Hunter S. (n.d.) E-commerce Risks [online] available from http://www.marsh.com.au/ECommerceRisks.htm [August 15, 2008]. Managing Risks in Electronic Commerce [online] available from http://www.muhlenberg.edu/depts/abe/business/miller/ecrisks.html [August 15, 2008]. On-line trust: concepts, evolving themes, a model. (n.d.) [online] available from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6WGR-48DXRCC-1_user=10_rdoc=1_fmt=_orig=search_sort=dview=c_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=9893dfb675be4b1cc30748424542452e [August 15, 2008] Pavlou p. (n.d.). The Transitional Role of Institutional Trust in Online Interorganizational Relationships [online] available from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.3.6276 [August 15, 2008] Singh, S. (1996). The social impact of electronic money. In G. Rosston D. Waterman (Eds.), Interconnection and the internet (135-154). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Sutherland, P. Tan, F. (2004). The nature of consumer trust in B2C electronic commerce: A multi-dimensional conceptualism. In Information Resource Management Association International Conference, Innovations through information technology: 2004 Information Resources Management Association International Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, May 23-26, 2004. UK: Idea Group Inc. The Importance of Trust and Credibility. (n.d.) [online] available from http://www.zeald.com/Resources/The+Importance+of+Trust+and+Credibility.html [August 15, 2008] Trust Issues in E – Commerce. (n.d.) [online] available from http://www.unsw.adfa.edu.au/~lpb/research/trust/ [August 15, 2008] Trust in Electronic Environment. (n.d.) [online] available from http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGki7BHKhIaHYAmwpXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTBydHRjbmRzBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMwRjb2xvA3NrMQR2dGlkAw/SIG=12fkedrf3/EXP=1219063361/**http%3a//www.hicss.hawaii.edu/HICSS36/HICSSpapers/STFMS01.pdf [August 15, 2008]